Coxiella burnetii Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors of Infection in the Human Population of Estonia (2024)

1. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2010). Scientific Opinion on Q fever. EFSA J., 8, 1–114.
2. Musso, Absence of antibodies to Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Coxiella burnetii in Tahiti, French Polynesia, BMC Infect. Dis., № 14, с. 2
   https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-255
3. Lau, Absence of serological evidence of Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Coxiella burnetii infections in American Samoa, Ticks Tick-Borne Dis., № 7, с. 703
   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.02.019
4. Schimmer, Low seroprevalence of Q fever in the Netherlands prior to a series of large outbreaks, Epidemiol. Infect., № 140, с. 27
   https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268811000136
5. Carrieri, Investigation of a Slaughterhouse-Related Outbreak of Q Fever in the French Alps, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., № 21, с. 17
   https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-001-0645-5
6. Serbezov, Q Fever in Bulgaria and Slovakia, Emerg. Infect. Dis., № 5, с. 388
   https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0503.990309
7. Bacci, Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Human Infection with Coxiella burnetii in Denmark During 2006-07, Zoonoses Public Health, № 59, с. 61
   https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01419.x
8. Schimmer, B., Lenferink, A., Schneeberger, P., Aangenend, H., Vellema, P., Hautvast, J., and van Duynhoven, Y. (2012). Seroprevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) seropositivity in dairy goat farmers’ households in the Netherlands, 2009–2010. PLoS ONE, 7.
   https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042364
9. van den Brom, R., Schimmer, B., Schneeberger, P.M., Swart, W.A., van der Hoek, W., and Vellema, P. (2013). Seroepidemiological Survey for Coxiella burnetii Antibodies and Associated Risk Factors in Dutch Livestock Veterinarians. PLoS ONE, 8.
   https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054021
10. Schimmer, Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence and risk for humans on dairy cattle farms, the Netherlands, 2010–2011, Emerg. Infect. Dis., № 20, с. 417
    https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2003.131111
11. Niemczuk, Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Humans Occupationally Exposed to Animals in Poland, Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis., № 15, с. 261
    https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2014.1716
12. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2019). Q Fever. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2017.
13. Gilsdorf, Large Q fever outbreak due to sheep farming near residential areas, Germany, 2005, Epidemiol. Infect., № 136, с. 1084
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268807009533
14. Wielders, Evaluation of commonly used serological tests for detection of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in well-defined acute and follow-up sera, Clin. Vaccine Immunol., № 19, с. 1110
    https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.05581-11
15. Brouqui, Q Fever Outbreak in Homeless Shelter, Emerg. Infect. Dis., № 10, с. 1297
    https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031020
16. Santoro, Q Fever in Como, Northern Italy, Emerging, № 10, с. 159
17. Study and Management of a Q Fever Outbreak among Machine Tool Workers in the Basque Country (Spain), Epidemiol. Res. Int., № 1, с. 1
18. Chmielewski, Q fever outbreaks in Poland during 2005–2011, Med. Sci. Monit., № 19, с. 1073
    https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.889947
19. Gyuranecz, Q fever epidemic in Hungary, April to July 2013, Eurosurveillance, № 19, с. 1
    https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.30.20863
20. Alonso, E., Lopez-Etxaniz, I., Hurtado, A., Liendo, P., Urbaneja, F., Aspiritxaga, I., Olaizola, J.I., Piñero, A., Arrazola, I., and Barandika, J.F. (2015). Q Fever Outbreak among Workers at a Waste-Sorting Plant. PLoS ONE, 10.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138817
21. Swart, Human Q fever incidence is associated to spatiotemporal environmental conditions, One Health, № 2, с. 77
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.03.004
22. Roest, The Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands: History, onset, response and reflection, Epidemiol. Infect., № 139, с. 1
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268810002268
23. Njeru, Febrile patients admitted to remote hospitals in Northeastern Kenya: Seroprevalence, risk factors and a clinical prediction tool for Q-Fever, BMC Infect. Dis., № 16, с. 1
    https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1569-0
24. Souriau, Experimental Coxiella burnetii infection in pregnant goats: Excretion routes, Vet. Res., № 34, с. 423
    https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2003017
25. Rodolakis, Comparison of Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk of dairy bovine, caprine, and ovine herds, J. Dairy Sci., № 90, с. 5352
    https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-815
26. Roest, H.-J., van Gelderen, B., Dinkla, A., Frangoulidis, D., van Zijderveld, F., Rebel, J., and van Keulen, L. (2012). Q Fever in Pregnant Goats: Pathogenesis and Excretion of Coxiella burnetii. PLoS ONE, 7.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048949
27. Barandika, Viable Coxiella burnetii in hard cheeses made with unpasteurized milk, Int. J. Food Microbiol., № 303, с. 42
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.05.010
28. McCaul, Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii: Structure and morphogenesis of vegetative and sporogenic differentiations, J. Bacteriol., № 147, с. 1063
    https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.147.3.1063-1076.1981
29. Janse, Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA in the environment during and after a large Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands, J. Appl. Microbiol., № 114, с. 1395
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12163
30. Kersh, Presence and Persistence of Coxiella burnetii in the environments of goat farms associated with a Q fever outbreak, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., № 79, с. 1697
    https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03472-12
31. Nusinovici, Q fever infection in dairy cattle herds: Increased risk with high wind speed and low precipitation, Epidemiol. Infect., № 143, с. 3316
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268814003926
32. Marrie, An outbreak of Q fever probably due to contact with a parturient cat, Chest, № 93, с. 98
    https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.93.1.98
33. Buhariwalla, a Dog-Related Outbreak of Q Fever, Clin. Infect. Dis., № 23, с. 753
    https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/23.4.753
34. Shapiro, Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in domesticated and feral cats in eastern Australia, Vet. Microbiol., № 177, с. 154
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.011
35. Shapiro, Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Australian dogs, Zoonoses Public Health, № 63, с. 458
    https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12250
36. Seo, M.G., Lee, S.H., VanBik, D., Ouh, I.O., Yun, S.H., Choi, E., Park, Y.S., Lee, S.E., Kim, J.W., and Cho, G.J. (2016). Detection and genotyping of Coxiella burnetii and Coxiella-like bacteria in horses in South Korea. PLoS ONE, 11.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156710
37. Desjardins, Seroprevalence of horses to Coxiella burnetii in an Q fever endemic area, Vet. Microbiol., № 215, с. 49
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.012
38. Stein, Pigeon pneumonia in Provence: A Bird-Borne Q fever Outbreak, Clin. Infect. Dis., № 29, с. 617
    https://doi.org/10.1086/598643
39. Mediannikov, Coxiella burnetii in Humans and Ticks in Rural Senegal, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., № 4, с. 1
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000654
40. Astobiza, Molecular investigation of the occurrence of Coxiella burnetii in wildlife and ticks in an endemic area, Vet. Microbiol., № 147, с. 190
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.046
41. Psaroulaki, Coxiella burnetii in wildlife and ticks in an endemic area, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., № 108, с. 625
    https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/tru134
42. Ndeereh, Molecular survey of Coxiella burnetii in wildlife and ticks at wildlife–livestock interfaces in Kenya, Exp. Appl. Acarol., № 72, с. 277
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-017-0146-6
43. Dijkstra, The 2007–2010 Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands: Characteristics of notified acute Q fever patients and the association with dairy goat farming, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., № 64, с. 3
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00876.x
44. Potasman, Outbreak of Q Fever Following a Safari Trip, Clin. Infect. Dis., № 30, с. 214
    https://doi.org/10.1086/313613
45. Jensenius, Multicenter GeoSentinel Analysis of Rickettsial Diseases in International Travelers, 1996–2008, Emerg. Infect. Dis., № 15, с. 1791
    https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1511.090677
46. Anderson, Seroepidemiologic survey for Coxiella burnetii among hospitalized US troops deployed to Iraq, Zoonoses Public Health, № 58, с. 276
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01347.x
47. Martinelle, Q Fever Serological Survey and Associated Risk Factors in Veterinarians, Southern Belgium, 2013, Transbound. Emerg. Dis., № 64, с. 959
    https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12465
48. Wilson, Investigation of a Q Fever Outbreak in a Scottish Co-Located Slaughterhouse and Cutting Plant, Zoonoses Public Health, № 57, с. 493
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01251.x
49. Sobotta, Interaction of Coxiella burnetii Strains of Different Sources and Genotypes with Bovine and Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages, Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., № 7, с. 1
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00543
50. Beare, Genetic Diversity of the Q Fever Agent, Society, № 188, с. 2309
51. Vainas, Vascular complications of Q-fever infections, Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg., № 42, с. 384
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.04.013
52. McCaughey, Human seroprevalence to Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in Northern Ireland, Zoonoses Public Health, № 55, с. 189
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01109.x
53. Estonian Health Board (2019, June 20). The Incidence of Communicable Diseases, Available online: https://www.terviseamet.ee/et/nakkushaigused-menuu/tervishoiutootajale/nakkushaigustesse-haigestumine.
54. Cisak, Prevalence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii among farming population in Eastern Poland, Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., № 10, с. 265
55. Sergeant, E.S.G. (2019, May 14). EpiTools Epidemiological Calculators. Ausvet Pty Ltd. Available online: http://epitools.ausvet.com.au/content.php?page=home.
56. (2012, May 19). Estonian Genome Centre. Available online: https://www.geenivaramu.ee/en.
57. Statistics Estonia (2012, June 06). Statistical Database, Available online: http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/dialog/statfile1.asp.
58. (2019, April 21). The R Project for Statistical Computing. Available online: https://www.r-project.org/.
59. Holsboer, Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies and chronic Q fever among post-mortal and living donors of tissues and cells from 2010 to 2015 in the Netherlands, Eurosurveillance, № 23, с. 1
60. Richardus, Q fever in the Netherlands: A sero-epidemiological survey among human population groups from 1968 to 1983, Epidemiol. Infect., № 98, с. 211
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800061938
61. Porten, A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers’ market in Germany, BMC Infect. Dis., № 6, с. 1
    https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-6-147
62. Mason, Q fever outbreak in industrial setting, Emerg. Infect. Dis., № 10, с. 1282
    https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030536
63. Wallensten, Q fever outbreak in Cheltenham, United Kingdom, in 2007 and the use of dispersion modelling to investigate the possibility of airborne spread, Eurosurveillance, № 15, с. 1
    https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.15.12.19521-en
64. Sroka, Study on Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira spp., Coxiella burnetii, and Echinococcus granulosus infection in veterinarians from Poland, J. Vet. Res., № 62, с. 477
    https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0069
65. Rodriguez, Q fever seroprevalence and associated risk factors among students from the Veterinary School of Zaragoza, Spain, Eur. J. Epidemiol., № 16, с. 469
    https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007605414042
66. de Rooij, M.M.T., Schimmer, B., Versteeg, B., Schneeberger, P., Berends, B.R., Heederik, D., van der Hoek, W., and Wouters, I.M. (2012). Risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) seropositivity in veterinary medicine students. PLoS ONE, 7.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032108
67. Whitney, Seroepidemiologic and Occupational Risk Survey for Coxiella burnetii Antibodies among US Veterinarians, Clin. Infect. Dis., № 48, с. 550
    https://doi.org/10.1086/596705
68. Government of the Estonian Republic (2019, November 15). Teatamiskohustuslike ja registreerimiskohustuslike loomataudide loetelu kinnitamine, Available online: https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/13329161?leiaKehtiv.
69. Government of the Estonian Republic (2019, November 16). Nakkushaiguste ja nakkushaiguskahtluse esinemise ning haigestumise ohutegurite ja ennetamise kohta teabe edastamise kord, nakkushaiguste loetelu ja andmesubjekti isikuandmetega edastatavate andmete koosseis, Available online: https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/113032019241.
70. Government of the Estonian Republic (2019, November 16). Infectious Animal Disease Control Act, Available online: https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/529032019008/consolide.
71. Straily, Surveillance for Q Fever Endocarditis in the United States, 1999–2015, Clin. Infect. Dis., № 65, с. 1872
    https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix702
72. Estonian Agricultural Registers and Information Board (2019, November 15). Register of Agricultural Animals, Available online: https://www.pria.ee/en/.

Serological Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Coxiella burnetti Infection in Women of Punjab Province, Pakistan

Shahzad Ali, Usama Saeed, Muhammad Rizwan, Hosny El-Adawy, Katja Mertens-Scholz, Heinrich Neubauer

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084576 ·

Coxiella and Q fever

Radhakrishna Sahu, Jay Prakash Yadav, Jess Vergis, Deepak B. Rawool, Satya Veer Singh Malik, Sukhadeo B. Barbuddhe

https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818619-0.00079-4

Shedding of <i>Coxiella Burnetii</i> in Milk of Dairy Cattle and Evidence of Q Fever in Domestic Ruminants with Emphasis on Abortion Cases in Latvia

Lelde Grantiņa-Ieviņa, Žanete Šteingolde, Guntis Boikmanis, Liene Laizāne, Guna Ringa-Ošleja, Ilga Bubula, Maija Sergejeva, Artjoms Mališevs, Juris Ķibilds, Svetlana Cvetkova, Ieva Bergšpica, Lāsma Eglīte, Dina Cīrule, Kaspars Kovaļenko, Vita Antāne, Aivars Bērziņš

https://doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2022-0043

Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats in Estonia

Kädi Neare, Lea Tummeleht, Brian Lassen, Arvo Viltrop

https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11040819 ·

Current approaches for the detection of Coxiella burnetii infection in humans and animals

Radhakrishna Sahu, Deepak B. Rawool, Valil Kunjukunju Vinod, S.V.S. Malik, Sukhadeo B. Barbuddhe

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106087 ·

Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in a dairy cattle herd from the Al Ain region, United Arab Emirates

Robert Barigye, Nabeeha Abdelgaleel D. Hassan, Ibrahim M. Abdalla Alfaki, Mike B. Barongo, Mohamed Elfatih H. Mohamed, Khaja Mohteshamuddin

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02570-0 ·

Seroprevalence estimate and risk factors for <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> infections among humans in a highly urbanised Brazilian state

Igor Rosa Meurer, Marcio Roberto Silva, Marcos Vinícius Ferreira Silva, Ana Íris de Lima Duré, Talita Émile Ribeiro Adelino, Alana Vitor Barbosa da Costa, Chislene Pereira Vanelli, Ricardo José de Paula Souza e Guimarães, Tatiana Rozental, Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos, José Otávio do Amaral Corrêa

https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab113 ·

Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens Associated with Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Northern Kenya

Dennis Getange, Joel L. Bargul, Esther Kanduma, Marisol Collins, Boku Bodha, Diba Denge, Tatenda Chiuya, Naftaly Githaka, Mario Younan, Eric M. Fèvre, Lesley Bell-Sakyi, Jandouwe Villinger

https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071414 ·

Pilot Study of Risk Group Human Seroprevalence to <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> (Q Fever) in Latvia

Lelde Grantiņa-Ieviņa, Ilga Bubula, Maija Sergejeva, Žanete Šteingolde, Guntis Boikmanis, Dina Cīrule, Kaspars Kovaļenko, Vita Antāne, Aivars Bērziņš

https://doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2021-0053

Seroepidemiologic evidence of Q fever and associated factors among workers in veterinary service laboratory in South Korea

Dilaram Acharya, Ji-Hyuk Park, Jeong-Hoon Chun, Mi Yeon Kim, Seok-Ju Yoo, Antoine Lewin, Kwan Lee

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010054 ·